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Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs

by Lysis

Overview

Mast cells are part of the immune system that forms the initial protection against invading microbes. Because these cells have a high proliferation rate, they form a high percentage of tumor disease in dogs. Mast tumor cells excrete histamine and enzymes. When tumors develop, these chemicals are released in the body in high amounts, which lead to systemic health issues.
Risks

Although mast cell tumors can form in any dog, they are primarily a hereditary disease that is most common in brachiocephalic breeds. Brachiocephalic dogs have a short, wide head. Some examples of these breeds are Boxers, Boston Terriers, Pugs and English Bulldogs. Age also has a role in risk factors. Dogs older than eight years are more likely to form mast cell tumors.

Symptoms

Visual and behavioral symptoms exist for mast tumor cells. They mostly occur on the trunk and genital areas of the dog. They are growths that may be smooth nodules under the skin or they can be ulcerated and cause bleeding. Vomiting, loss of appetite and blood in the stools are also symptoms. These stem from the release of histamine into the dog's body.
Diagnosis

Diagnosis of the disease is accomplished through a veterinarian. The veterinarian observes the growths and takes a biopsy of the cells to confirm suspicions. The cells are diagnosed and graded for further classification. Grade one tumors are benign and relatively harmless to the dog's health. Grade two tumors are malignant, but they have not reached aggressive metastasis. Grade three tumors are aggressive, fast-spreading cells that require immediate removal.
Treatment

Treatment for mast cell tumors are primarily surgical and consist of radiation. Chemotherapy is used in dogs where metastasis has occurred to eliminate the spread of the mast cells. Radiation is used if surgical procedures are not an option or as followup treatment after surgery.
Prognosis

Prognosis is good if the mast cells are detected early. Cancer is categorized by stages with stage one being the best prognosis. Later stages indicate the mast tumors have spread to other tissue in the body, which is hard to eliminate even with chemotherapy. Owners of older dogs are encouraged to regularly check the body for any signs of tumor cell growths for early detection.