What Is a Marriage License?

Overview

A marriage license is the document issued by a government authority that authorizes a couple to marry. Without a license, the marriage will not be legally recognized. The license confers the privileges of marriage to a couple. The requirements for obtaining a marriage license vary widely from state to state, with each state forming its own regulations for age requirements. Traditionally, marriage licenses have only been granted to opposite-sex couples, but in the late 2000s, some countries and states have begun to grant licenses to same-sex couples, as well. Although marriage license regulations vary by location, the underlying principles remain the same.
History

A marriage license was not required in western cultures until the 16th century. Prior to that time, the Catholic Church recognized couples as being legally married based on their declaration that they had exchanged vows, even without witnesses. However, the requirement for a marriage license allows each country's government to determine which parties are eligible for the benefits of marriage, and the concept quickly grew in popularity. A marriage license is required throughout the United States, with each state determining its own license regulations and procedures.

Significance

A marriage license entitles a couple to the legal advantages allowed by the government. These benefits vary by country and state but often include joint parenting, status as next-of-kin, the extension of health insurance benefits to the other spouse and special tax status options.
Description

A marriage license typically features the couple's full names, the date on which they were married and the location. The license is signed by the couple, the minister or other authorized authority who married the couple and, in most states, a witness.
Application Process

Both members of the couple must appear in person to apply for the license and present proof of identity. If either person was previously married, then proof of divorce, annulment or death is required. Some states also require written proof of blood test results. After filling out an application, the couple pays a fee as determined by the state.
Filing and Obtaining Copies

After the ceremony, the minister or other authorized authority signs the marriage license. In many states, a witness is required to sign, as well. Either the minister or the married couple then files the license at the county clerk's office. A marriage certificate is issued several days or weeks later.

Overview