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Lithium in Bipolar Disorder

by Eve Lopez

Overview

Lithium is the oldest FDA-approved medication to treat bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by intense highs, known as "manic" episodes, and intense lows, known as "depressive" episodes. For people who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, lithium is often the first line of defense in treating the symptoms of the disorder. Lithium is classified as a "mood stabilizer," which may help balance out the highs and lows that are experienced by people with this condition. Lithium is also known as lithium carbonate, and is sold under the brand names Eskalith and Lithobid.
History

According to Dr. Robert Howland, lithium was first discovered as a chemical element in 1817. It wasn't until 1871 that lithium was used to treat mania. It began to be used to treat depression in 1886. However, people who were using lithium for health benefits weren't using it correctly, and some deaths occurred. A clinical test was conducted in 1948 by the Australian psychiatrist John Cade. Guinea pigs who were injected with lithium became docile. It was finally approved by the FDA in 1970 to treat mania.

Function

Lithium works to stabilize mood swings, in particular the manic side of bipolar disorder. According to Drugs.com, lithium "affects the flow of sodium through nerve and muscle cells," and this is how it affects mood. People who have bipolar disorder may be prescribed an antidepressant in addition to lithium, because lithium is primarily useful for mania.
Effects

Lithium can take several weeks before it begins to alleviate symptoms of bipolar disorder. It's important to remember that lithium is not a "cure" for bipolar disorder. There are no cures, only medications and therapy that may treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The most typical side effect of lithium use is weight gain. Other side effects may include dry mouth, restlessness and bloating. Talk to your doctor before and during lithium treatment.
Considerations

People who take lithium must have their blood levels checked regularly in order to avoid toxicity. Also, people who have bipolar disorder often have thyroid problems, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Lithium affects the thyroid, so thyroid levels in people with bipolar disorder who are taking lithium should be checked as well.
Warning

According to Drugs.com, there are many possible contraindications between lithium and other drugs. Some other drugs that may interfere with lithium include Prozac, Abilify, Thorazine and diuretics. It's important to tell your doctor every single medication you take, including over-the-counter drugs, as well as vitamins and supplements when prescribed lithium.